| Model
|
Contenders
|
Contention
|
Arbitrator
|
Arrangement
|
| The
Aland Islands
model
|
Sweden
,
Finland
|
Swedish nationals in
Finland
controlled territory. The former wants to join
Sweden
, but
Finland
would not agree.
|
The
League of Nations
(1921)
|
The status of an autonomous territory was given, but
Finland
retains sovereignty over the
Islands
.
Helsinki
was to ensure linguistic rights (Swedish language) as well as culture and heritage of Aland residents: The Islands were given a neutral and demilitarised status with their own flag, own postage stamps, and own police force.
|
| The
Trieste
model
|
Italy
,
Yugoslavia
|
Predominant presence of Slovenians around the city of Trieste (inhabited by Italians), which was controlled by Anglo-American and Yugoslavian forces respectively, known as Zone A and Zone B during the Second World War.
|
The United Nations (1947)
|
Free
Territory
of
Trieste
was established in 1947 under the protection of the UNSC as a neutral state which comprised the city of
Trieste
, a narrow strip of coastal territory connecting it to
Italy
,
Slovenia
and
Istria
. Later, under the Treaty of Osimo (1954), the territory was formally divided along the zonal border between
Italy
and
Yugoslavia
.
|
| The
South Tyrol
model
|
Italy
,
Austria
|
Formerly part of
Austria
. Presence of three linguistic groups viz., Germans (70%), Italian (26%) and Ladin (4%). Annexed by
Italy
in 1919. Struggle by German majority against Italianisation. Failure of Paris Agreement (1946) and lack of implementation of the South Tyrol Package (1969)
|
The United Nations (1992)
|
Settled in 1992 with acceptance of the implementation of the South Tyrol Package (1969). Under Italian sovereignty, but with greater autonomy: recognition of cultural diversity; autonomy of legislation and administration; minority veto on issues of fundamental importance; and proportional ethnic representation. The autonomy package is overseen by
Austria
.
|
| The
Andorra
model
|
France
,
Spain
|
Andorra
was under a unique co-principality, ruled by the French chief of state and the Spanish bishop of Urgel for 715 years (1278 to 1993).
|
None
|
Through a Constitution enacted in 1993 the government was transformed into a parliamentary democracy with both French and Spanish heads of states jointly wielding executive powers as "co-princes".
Andorra
's defence is ensured by
France
and
Spain
.
|
| Sami parliamentary model
|
Norway
,
Finland
,
Sweden
, Sami indigenous population
|
Inhabiting northern Fennoscandia (northern parts of
Finland
,
Norway
and
Sweden
) Samis are pastoral nomadic people, whose way of life contradicts territoriality. They waged a protracted struggle for their indigenous rights in all three countries.
|
None
|
The cultural rights of Samis were recognized in the constitutions of each of the three countries. This apart, a separate Sami Parliament was established in each of these countries to act as advisory bodies on issues affecting Samis.
|
|
Northern Ireland
model
|
Britain
,
Ireland
|
Conflict between Protestant 'Unionists' and Catholic 'Nationalists' over
Northern Ireland
's status?part of
Great Britain
or
Republic
of
Ireland
. Many peace agreements in the past failed.
|
US Senator George Mitchell
|
Still not fully settled, despite reaching a more promising quadri-partite agreement (also call Good Friday agreement) in 1998. UK agreed to repeal Government of Ireland Act of 1920 and hold referendum every seven years to elicit popular opinion; Republic of Ireland to repeal Arts 2 & 3 of its Constitution which laid claim to whole of Island; both Protestants and Irish Nationalists agreed to a new Assembly with veto over legislations unacceptable to their constituents, decommissioning of their weapons and continued presence of British troops subject to their progressive reduction; 'Cross Border' bodies on six subjects between Northern Ireland Assembly and Irish Parliament.
|
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